Boyles Law Definition in Chemistry

Boyle's Law Definition in Chemistry Boyles law expresses that the weight of a perfect gas increments as its holder volume diminishes. Scientist and physicist Robert Boyle distributed the law in 1662. The gas law is now and again called Mariottes law or the Boyle-Mariotte law since French physicist Edme Mariotte autonomously found a similar law in 1679. Boyles Law Equation Boyles law is a perfect gas law where at a steady temperature, the volume of a perfect gas is conversely corresponding to its supreme weight. There are two or three different ways of communicating the law as a condition. The most essential one states: PV k where P is pressure, V is volume, and k is a steady. The law may likewise be utilized to discover the weight or volume of a framework when the temperature is held steady: PiVi PfVf where: Pi starting pressureVi beginning volumePf last pressureVf last volume Boyles Law and Human Breathing Boyles law might be applied to clarify how individuals inhale and breathe out air. At the point when the stomach extends and contracts, lung volume increments and diminishes, changing the pneumatic force within them. The weight distinction between the inside of the lungs and the outside air delivers either inward breath or exhalation. Sources Levine, Ira. N (1978). Physical Chemistry. College of Brooklyn: McGraw-Hill.Tortora, Gerald J. what's more, Dickinson, Bryan. Aspiratory Ventilation in Principles of Anatomy and Physiologyâ 11th version. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2006, pp. 863-867.

Brand development plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand advancement plan - Essay Example Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 v. Auxiliary Association†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 vi. Legitimate Protection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Communicating the new brand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 I. Advertising Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 a. Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 b. Individual selling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 c. Deals promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 d. Open relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Possibility of Brand expansion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Introduction Nearly all organizations have names they use in exchanging, from the little scope retailer to the huge scope worldwide association. Item marking has gotten progressively crucial in forming an item profile. Marking utilizes names, images, names and designs to ensure that an item is conspicuous and unmistakable from serious items in the market. An item brand signals both the birthplace of the item and the provider obligation regarding the item. Brand names make trusts and are especially useful for advancing the ecological characteristics of items when these would somehow or another not be evident. Both the provider and the client profit by marking. From a customer’s perspective, brands help diminish the interest for data when settlin g on buy choices. Obviously, they likewise give status through the picture they show, acknowledgment and anticipated high caliber. Basically, brands make a psychological picture that gives center to the buyer while picking between a few other options. From a supplier’s perspective, marking upgrades the open door for starting deals and continue purchasing. By separating an item from its adversaries, marking gives some extension to evaluating watchfulness, in spite of the fact that the degree of circumspection relies upon the market structure. Sheep et al. (2011) states that a â€Å"company’s brand is the most remarkable specialized apparatus in advertising products† (p. 156). I reference to Kotler (1991) a brand â€Å"strategy is based on brand situating, brand crucial brand promise† (156). This paper talks about the brand technique for Flash Sports and footwear Incorporation. Streak Sports and Footwear Incorporation manages both male and female games and foot wear. This brand name will be utilized in the entirety of its items over the globe. Advancement of New Brand Being heard in a competitor’s snarling voices is a staggering errand in contemporary market. This is amazingly end up being genuine each time we see the TV, read the paper or magazine or visit the web. Subsequently, there is requirement for a business to look for and grow new brand to successfully expand mindfulness and brand dedication. In spite of the fact that brand improvement is in no way, shape or form another thought, Doyle (1994) attests â€Å"today shoppers have more access to data and a larger number of decisions than any time in recent memory before†

Police Brutality Essays (1188 words) - Human Rights Abuses

Police Brutality Sadly, these days the individuals who should ensure us and help us when we are out of luck, can't be trusted. Police severity has consistently been an issue, yet there's been an emotional ascent in police murders and brutalization of residents. Police Brutality is anything from provocation from a cop to being killed by one. Ayo Martini; Live talk room, 10/27/99 www.mtv.com Obviously, badgering is considerably more typical than being killed by a cop. Here are a few instances of police severity that have happened in the previous year or two. Will Smith, a renowned on-screen character and rapper is pulled over once every week. At the point when he asks the officials for what good reason he's being pulled over, they just answer since he is dark and he has a decent vehicle. Youngsters get followed continually, on the grounds that the official needs to ensure they aren't stumbling into any difficulty. Sadly, these issues are nothing contrasted with these next cases. Detainees are executed, simply after they have been tied to restrictions for quite a long time. They were made to endure before they were slaughtered. A young ladies was in a diabetic trance state in her vehicle. She was taken shots at and slaughtered on the grounds that the police felt compromised by her. A youngster, sitting in his vehicle with firearms pointed at him from each course had to pl ace his hands noticeable all around. At the point when he did so he was shot to death on the grounds that an official idea he saw a firearm. This multi year old was honest and unarmed. Four cops moved toward a man's entryway in scan for a speculated attacker. Despite the fact that this man was guiltless and unarmed, he was taken shots at multiple times and killed. In any event two cops tormented a Haitian outsider by driving the handle of a can unclogger into his rectum and punctured his small digestive system. At that point they put the unclogger in his mouth and considered him a racial name and said they'd murder him in the event that he said anything. The most well known of all police severity cases is, obviously, Rodney King's case. On March 3, 1991, four Los Angeles cops beat Rodney King as eleven different officials remained by viewing. Rodney King was in a rapid vehicle pursue with the officials, when his vehicle was at last halted, he delayed to escape his vehicle. At the point when he did, he was said to seize the officials. He was hit by two darts from an immobilizer, which didn't appear to work. Rodney King despite everything would not comply with the officials and falsehood level on the ground. Be that as it may, in under two minutes, he was hit with 56 rod blows and kicked multiple times. He experienced eleven skull cracks, cerebrum harm, broken bones, took out teeth and kidney harm. Likewise, passionate and physical injury. Not in all cases are the survivors of police fierceness honest, clearly, as should be obvious in Rodney Kings case. Yet, regardless of how inconsiderate or uncoopitive a suspect is being, this extrao rdinary power from officials ought not be utilized. Another case originates from the opposite side. This one is about a man named Mumia Abu-Jamal. In 1982, he was shielding himself and his sibling from the ruthless power of a cop. Mumia Abu-Jamal shot a cop to ensure himself. He was condemned to capital punishment. At the point when a cop kills a man to secure himself, he strolls free since's everything an aspect of his responsibilities. Police have been interrogated concerning why there is such a large amount of this event. Some state they are simply carrying out their responsibility. Isn't their business to serve and ensure? They have additionally said that this is on the grounds that they are under so much weight. Another reason given is that being a cop is the most risky activity in America, and they are simply in dread for their own lives. Be that as it may, as indicated by the New York official of police, the normal cop is never going to take out his weapon during his whole vocation. A cop is at half danger of death and injury at work than is a rancher, truck driver or lumberjack and extensively not exactly a substantial development laborer, roofer or coal digger. An official

Sean Houlihan s Views On Communication Skills - 1448 Words

A teacher can record their own videos and post them to the site, allowing the student to watch them at their own leisure. Doing this allows more of the actual class time to be used for discussion and problem solving, instead of boring lectures. Sean Houlihan plans to continue to use the newest technologies in his classroom for the betterment of his students. 7. Sean Houlihan s Views on Communication Skills A person like Sean Houlihan could be the foremost expert in Social Studies, but without the proper communication skills, that knowledge will not translate to his students. It is because of this, that he spends time training and advancing his own methods of communication in the classroom. It is not enough for a teacher to know a subject†¦show more content†¦Establishing this style of open door communication early on, enables each student to feel comfortable with the educator. In addition, Sean Houlihan believes that having a good sense of humor is also important for quality classroom communication, as it makes him that much more relate able to the students and parents. 8. Sean Houlihan on the Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing Every teacher in the Narragansett School District, like Sean Houlihan, must adhere to the state s standardized testing policies. There are many lengthy arguments for and against the use of standardized tests in the educational system. However, no matter how much a teacher may be against the concept, the state determines whether or not they are given. As a former Social Studies teacher and current full time substitute in this district, Houlihan has had years of experience with the standardized tests required by Rhode Island and the neighboring states. He has had the chance to witness first hand the pros and cons of these mandatory examinations. Houlihan has discovered that the main benefit to standardized testing is its transparency, more so that these types of tests ensure that the teachers and the schools are held responsible for the proper education of each student. As the state determines which core curriculum topics are needed at each grade level, the standardized tests are created to assess that that knowledge has been given to

Research Methodology On Agile Project Management - 1734 Words

3. Methodology Chapter 3.1 Introduction to Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to describe the research methodology used in completing this dissertation. This chapter starts out by describing the initial research and literature review that was performed and then further describe with relevant research methodology. A research method is being selected and explained. A sample of questionnaire and interview questions can be obtained in Appendix. 3.2 Prestudy and Approach ( Literature Review ) The purpose of literature review in this dissertation is to provide knowledge to sponsor on what benefits and possibilities that comes with Agile Project Management. The first source to information is gathered through studying relevant literature†¦show more content†¦It is also an essential section for analysis when comparing literature review with empirical data from questionnaires and interview to complete the dissertation. The information gathered was used to formulate questions for interviews and questionnaires. The questionnaires and interviews are served to collect more data from the participants in the Sponsor’s company that has first-hand knowledge in the company. These data will be the primary data for the dissertation. After all data are collected, analysed and compared against the requirement, best practise are drafted to introduce agile methodology and its suitability into Syarikat Adebena that uses traditional methodology. 3.3 Background There are generally two types of methods when it comes for data collection, namely qualitative and quantitative approach. According to Leung (2015) that qualitative approach contributes as much as quantitative approach and data integration is vital element in mixed method analysis. A mixed of both qualitative and quantitative approaches which also known as triangulation is chosen for this dissertation. A mixed method is often includes a questionnaire followed up by detailed interview after. It has been mentioned in previous section that the sponsor’s company is SME, hence, the research method for this dissertation are better in focusing an in-depth understanding since it is of a

Notes On Vanilla Interest Rate Swaps - 3467 Words

Introduction VANILLA INTEREST RATE SWAPS It is estimated that about 75% of American companies use derivatives. The main risk remains that most companies do not monitor their position frequently (Operational) and only few really understand the instruments (Intellectual). Moreover, as an off-balance-sheet item it reduces the public awareness of such items (accounting). This is the first case that there was a ruling by a judge for derivative instruments. PG had to pay only $35 million out of the $175 expected losses. PG, a leader in cosmetics, infant products, and grocery industries, offered almost 250 products to 5 billion consumers in 130 countries (Procter Gamble, Form 10-K 2-3 (1998)). Liquidating the two contracts cost the company $157 million which is one of the largest losses incurred for an American company. In comparison , Metallgesellschaft AG lost 1.36 billion in oil futures. The downside risks involved in these contracts are not fully understood, even by sophisticated investors. Chronology August 1993: As the maturity of an interest rate swap approached what PG had paid, that is an interest rate approximately equal to CP Federal Funds Rate - 0.40%, PG relied on BT for a swap contract replacing the interest rate swap in order to maintain BT’s financing structure. Although BT proposed a swap contract similar to the previous swap structure, PG refused on account of its inconsistency with PG’s risk factors. (Jongho Kim, â€Å"Lesson From Modern Debacles†.)Show MoreRelatedSwap Calculator876 Words   |  4 PagesContents: Interest rate swap basics​2 Excel work​4 References​8  Interest rate swap basics Swaps, being highly liquid derivatives, are not traded on stock exchange, but facilitated by over-the-counter (OTC) trading. Interest rate swap is an arrangement between two parties whereby they exchange one set of interest payment for another. The most widespread arrangement is when fixed-rate interest payments are exchange for floating-rate interest payment on some notional amount over theRead MoreEssay on Real World Exposure and CVA Simulation1131 Words   |  5 Pagesprices follow stochastic process with drift coinciding with the short rate r(t) being risk-free interest rate. dS(t)=S(t)[rdt+ÏÆ'(S(t),t) ã€â€"dWã€â€"^Q (t)] Instead, in real-world measure they follow more complex process, which embodies time and risk aversion of investors, namely: dS(t)=S(t)[ÃŽ ¼(S(t),t)dt+ÏÆ'(S(t),t) ã€â€"dWã€â€"^R (t)] or, equivalently, a process with real-world stochastic discount factors which depend on risk-free interest rates but also on asset prices itself. The form of this process with almostRead MoreA Brief Note On Financial Derivatives2698 Words   |  11 Pagesbasic, entities, known as the underlying assets. For example, the value of a stock option depends on the price of the relevant stock. Derivatives Markets In the financial markets derivatives are traded on: ï‚â€" Stocks ï‚â€" Stock indices ï‚â€" Exchange rates ï‚â€" Interest rates ï‚â€" Bonds ï‚â€" Credit risk ï‚â€" Commodities (such as electricity, wheat, oil) [4] Derivatives are traded in two different ways – they are traded either on an exchange or over-the-counter (OTC). The advantage of trading derivatives on an exchange isRead MorePdf, Doc7196 Words   |  29 PagesJournal of Economics 2 (2006) 129-146 EXCHANGE RATE RISK MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR FIRMS MICHAEL G. PAPAIOANNOU, Ph.D. International Monetary Fund Abstract Measuring and managing exchange rate risk exposure is important for reducing a ï ¬ rm’s vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements, which could adversely aï ¬â‚¬ect proï ¬ t margins and the value of assets. This paper reviews the traditional types of exchange rate risk faced by ï ¬ rms, namely transaction, translationRead MoreInternational Financial Management5028 Words   |  21 PagesAnswer: a). Current Account 4). Interest rate swaps can be explained as an agreement between ___________ parties Answer: b). Two 5). Capital account convertibility in India evolved in August Answer: c).1994 6). Interest rate parity is an economic concept, expressed as a basic algebraic identity that relates Answer: b). Interest rate exchange rate 7). The two kind of swap in the forward market are Answer: d). Forward swap Option Swap 8). FEMA stands for Answer:Read MoreInternational Financial Management5022 Words   |  21 Pagesaccount. Answer: a). Current Account 4). Interest rate swaps can be explained as an agreement between ___________ parties Answer: b). Two 5). Capital account convertibility in India evolved in August Answer: c).1994 6). Interest rate parity is an economic concept, expressed as a basic algebraic identity that relates Answer: b). Interest rate exchange rate 7). The two kind of swap in the forward market are Answer: d). Forward swap Option Swap 8). FEMA stands for Answer: c). ForeignRead MoreRisk Management in the Airline Industry2570 Words   |  11 Pagesconsulting firm Mercer showed specifically which risks were prone to cause a decrease in shareholder value. The graph below details the results of this survey. (Zea, 2002) Risk events precipitating stock drops, 1991-2001 Figure 1. Source: Mercer Note that the above graph only shows the number of drops in stock price associated with each risk factor, and not their severity. As we can see, almost half of the value-destroying events are associated with strategic choices and competition. In anRead MoreAsset Swaps and Swap Spreads: Interest Rate Strategy21469 Words   |  86 PagesGale@morganstanley.com +44 (0)20 7677 7121 European Interest Rate Strategy Group +44 (0)20 7677 7528 July 12, 2005 Interest Rate Products Europe Asset Swaps and Swap Spreads Interest Rate Strategy The spread between swaps and bonds can be traded in many different ways. In this note we describe asset swapping methodologies in detail with particular emphasis on calculation of spreads, risks, and tracking of trades. The spread of bond yields to swaps is also commonly used to evaluate richness andRead MoreFundamentals of Futures and Options Markets 7e33967 Words   |  136 Pageslong-term Treasury bonds. Characterize the investors likely to use this contract. Most investors will use the contract because they want to do one of the following: a) Hedge an exposure to long-term interest rates. http://helpyoustudy.info b) Speculate on the future direction of long-term interest rates. c) Arbitrage between the spot and futures markets for Treasury bonds. Problem 1.18. An airline executive has argued: â€Å"There is no point in our using oil futures. There is just as much chance thatRead MoreBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 PagesEssentials of Investments, by Bodie, Kane and Marcus 8th Edition, Teaching Notes Chapter 01 - Investments: Background and Issues CHAPTER ONE INVESTMENTS: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES CHAPTER OVERVIEW The purpose of this book is to a) help students in their own investing and b) pursue a career in the investments industry. To help accomplish these goals Part 1 of the text (Chapters 1through 4) introduces students to the different investment types, the markets in which the securities trade

An Experience to Remember free essay sample

As the family walked into the huge city of Paris, France a light blanket of snow came sprinkling down from the sky. The young girl of this family was ready for a fabulous experience to tour the busy city and celebrate a wonderful Christmas. It was going to be her first real special trip. The family all woke up the next morning ready to start their first real day in Paris. The little girl Emily was anxious to see the Eiffel Tower. Everyone all agreed to go so they headed out in their winter clothes to go to the Eiffel Tower. The sounds of trucks were passing by and the smell of popcorn was in the air. The Pareasians were passing by with their black brief cases, and the snow melted onto Emily’s rosy cheeks. Once they all arrived Emily was enchanted with excitement. As they started walking up the stairs of the Eiffel Tower the young girl Emily was scared to move any higher but, her parents refused to let her miss a fabulous opportunity. We will write a custom essay sample on An Experience to Remember or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, she kept going and they finally got to the top. Emily looked out and realized that the scary part was over but was glad she was able to see this amazing view of the city. She loved the view of the snow on the trees that sparkled all over. She was so happy to be able to face a fear and not miss out on something spectacular. It was a phenomenal start to her trip. When she awoke the next morning the smell of croissants, coffee, and tea spilled through the air. Emily jumped out of her bed and ran to the Christmas tree to unwrap all her presents. â€Å"Merry Christmas!† exclaimed everyone. After, a full morning of singing carols, opening presents, and eating breakfast they all headed out to see the Nutcracker. Emily and her cousins all enjoyed the soft Christmas music, the professional dancers skipping and sacheting all over, and the green and red lights flashing upon their warm, pale faces. It was an addition to another amazing day in Paris. Now after a great five days in Paris it was now coming to an end. In other words, it was Emily’s family last day there, so they all wanted to make every hour worth it. Emily went off with her cousins and they all went shopping in the great city of Paris. After, many hours of moving around and trying on expensive clothes they all headed out to the Louve (a famous art museum that had the painting of the real Mona Lisa). As she walked through the mob of people, there she saw the real masterpiece of the Mona Lisa. It was so real, and sophisticated with colors. So after many hours of shopping and being at the Louvre their tired bodies went back to the hotel to get ready for a fabulous dinner. Emily swallowed down her French chicken and soup as well as everyone else. The whole family then spent their last night of joy, laughter, and being together in Paris. Emily will never forget this amazing experience she had, which was, learning some French, getting to learn the culture, facing a fear, and trying different foods. She will never forget all the wonderful things that happened to her while on the trip.

5.1 Energy Transfer Essays - Physics, Nature, Energy, Free Essays

5.1 Energy Transfer Essays - Physics, Nature, Energy, Free Essays 5.1 Energy Transfer Energy- The capacity for work As biologic work increases, energy transfer increases As biologic work is expressed in mechanical units Emerges only when a change takes place Bioenergetics Flow and energy exchange within a living system First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transforms from one form to another w/o being depleted An expression of the conversation of energy principle -The body does not produce, consume or us up energy: it transforms from one state into the next as physiologic systems undergo continual change. Potential Kinetic Energy TE=PE+KE PE-relates to structure or position. EX: Water at dam top KE-energy of motion with release of heat. Biosynthesis Bound energy in one substance directly transfers to other substancs to increase their PE Exergonic-Any physical or chemical process that releases energy to surroundings w free energy decline Endergonic-Chem reactions that store/ absorb energy w free energy increase for biologic work Transfer of PE always proceeds in a direction that decreases capacity to perform work Second Law Tendency of PE to degreade to KE of motion w a lower capacity of wotk All PE in a system degrades to unusable form of KE or heat TE in a system remains constant; a decrease in 1 energy form matches the equivalent energy increase in another form Six Forms of Energy Interconversions Chemical, Mechanical, Heat, Light, Electrical, Nuclear Photosynthesis- Endergonic To learn more and get OneNote, visit www.onenote.com.

Free Essays on Comparison Of Family Themes In Like Water For Chocolate And In The Metamorphosis

Explore the Presentation of the Family in â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate† and â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Considering How the Writer Uses Them to Convey Significant Ideas. In this essay, I will explore and discuss the role of family in ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ and ‘The Metamorphosis’ because I think that both the novel and novella obtain sensational ideas and morals about the family that are portrayed through the way the writers present them. The novella ‘The Metamorphosis’ introduces young Gregor Samsa as the son whom the rest of the family absolutely depends on. He is more the provider of the family rather than the heart of the family because his family is his main responsibility in life as he is obliged to financially carry them on his back. The novel, ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ poses Tita as the main character and a victim of her mother’s cruel intentions. Tita’s life is condemned to the old Mexican family tradition that requires the youngest daughter forbidden to marry and obliged to take care of her mother for the rest of her life. Both stories somewhat revolve around the harsh and disheartening elements of family relationships and traditions. Gregor’s purpose in his family is to financially support all of them. He basically takes on the role of the father, as his own father has lost his job and is currently in debt to the company that Gregor works at. Kafka shows that Gregor’s family has a lack of conventional family values such as love, support, sympathy and acceptance therefore Gregor is portrayed as emotionally detached from his family as they are merely living vicariously off him. This emotional detachment causes Gregor to alienate himself emotionally from his family. Communication is very important within a family. There is an obvious lack of communication within the Samsas as they â€Å"communicate by way of Gregor’s room† as if his room isn’t there, suggesting that their lives revo... Free Essays on Comparison Of Family Themes In Like Water For Chocolate And In The Metamorphosis Free Essays on Comparison Of Family Themes In Like Water For Chocolate And In The Metamorphosis Explore the Presentation of the Family in â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate† and â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Considering How the Writer Uses Them to Convey Significant Ideas. In this essay, I will explore and discuss the role of family in ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ and ‘The Metamorphosis’ because I think that both the novel and novella obtain sensational ideas and morals about the family that are portrayed through the way the writers present them. The novella ‘The Metamorphosis’ introduces young Gregor Samsa as the son whom the rest of the family absolutely depends on. He is more the provider of the family rather than the heart of the family because his family is his main responsibility in life as he is obliged to financially carry them on his back. The novel, ‘Like Water for Chocolate’ poses Tita as the main character and a victim of her mother’s cruel intentions. Tita’s life is condemned to the old Mexican family tradition that requires the youngest daughter forbidden to marry and obliged to take care of her mother for the rest of her life. Both stories somewhat revolve around the harsh and disheartening elements of family relationships and traditions. Gregor’s purpose in his family is to financially support all of them. He basically takes on the role of the father, as his own father has lost his job and is currently in debt to the company that Gregor works at. Kafka shows that Gregor’s family has a lack of conventional family values such as love, support, sympathy and acceptance therefore Gregor is portrayed as emotionally detached from his family as they are merely living vicariously off him. This emotional detachment causes Gregor to alienate himself emotionally from his family. Communication is very important within a family. There is an obvious lack of communication within the Samsas as they â€Å"communicate by way of Gregor’s room† as if his room isn’t there, suggesting that their lives revo...

Partnership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Human resources management (HRM) - Coursework Example e world’s leading electronics and information technology companies has sourced out their products to Foxconn which is based in China because of its cheap labor which is the country’s comparative advantage. Cheap labor allows companies to procure the components of their products at a lower cost making their companies competitive and more profitable (The Economist 2008). There is also another advantage in sourcing out to Foxconn in China although companies would be less eager to admit. This is the relative relaxed and less stringent labor laws in China making that makes the operation of its business less complicated. In the case cited, such suicides and deaths in the workplace would have been unforgivable in the United States, Europe or Japan had these companies did not source their component. These companies would have been embroiled with the regulatory authorities under the threat of lawsuit, sanction and hefty fines. But these incidents are tolerated in China to the advantage of these firms because the HRM function is no longer their responsibility when they outsourced the manufacturing of their

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

Translation and Technology Essay Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Series Editors’ Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction 1 Definition of Terms Machine translation Human-aided machine translation Machine-aided human translation Human translation The localization industry Conclusion 2 Translation Studies and Translation Technology Translation theory Academic and professional groups in translation Linguistic theories in machine translation systems Translation studies The translation process Conclusion 3 Machine. Translation Systems Major historical developments Architectures Hybrid and interactive  machine translation systems Online machine translation systems Commercial machine translation systems Reasons for using machine translation systems Conclusion vii ix xii xiv xvi 1 6 8 11 13 14 19 20 22 22 26 30 36 43 55 57 58 66 84 85 87 89 91 viii Contents. 4 Computer-Aided Translation Tools and Resources Workbenches Translation support tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided translation tools Standards for data interchange Conclusion 5 Evaluating Translation Tools Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Stakeholders Evaluation methods General frameworks for evaluating translation tools Conclusion 6 Recent Developments and Future Directions Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Translation systems with speech technology. Translation systems for minority languages Translation on the web Machine translation systems and the semantic web The localization industry Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships between topics and translation types Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Conclusion Appendices References Index 93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9. Classification of translation types Machine translation model Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided machine translation model Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation process model Example of sentence representations Holmes’ schema of translation studies. A schema of  applied translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks Example of an English SL text and its pre-edited version Unedited and post-edited Spanish machine translation output Example of natural and controlled languages Example of original English text and its AECMA simplified English version Example of natural English, simplified English and simplified Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illustration of the translation process using a machine translation system. Chronology of machine translation development Example of structural representations Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix 7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4. 20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2. Statistical-based model Probabilities workflow in the statistical-based approach Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web page Example of the web page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory system Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems. Flowchart to illustrate how to build a parallel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word ‘round’ Types of tool used in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMX  data-sharing Example of a header in TMX. Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation element in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluating machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Future-use model of translation technology. Speech technology in translation 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20. Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of perfect matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for ‘bow’ Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database. Classification of commercial computer-aided translation tools Degree of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems Source-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text Language dependency Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groups. and data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 175 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5. 1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors’ Preface Recent years have witnessed momentous changes in the study of Modern Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the one hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the command of other languages a less compelling commodity. On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a result of many recent social, political and economic developments; these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the ease of travel, telecommunications, commercial pressures raising awareness of local needs, migration and employment mobility, and a heightened awareness of linguistic and human rights. Today, linguistically oriented students wishing to pursue a career in which they are able to further their interest in languages and cultures would be more inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interpreting play an important part rather than traditional Modern Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interpreting have been extended, particularly as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media. The role of translation is, for example, becoming increasingly important in the context of modern media such as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes. And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the police officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a different continent, have extended the previously physically confined nature of mediating the spoken word. Not only do these new vistas open up opportunities for the professional linguist, they also point to expanding areas of research in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, especially in the case of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Studies. As a result, the first aim of this series, written primarily for the MA and advanced undergraduate student, is to highlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation. The second aim is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors’ Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline. Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contributions. This book would have taken more time to complete if it had not been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched background information for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on helping to visualize a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7. I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision Science at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where most of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward Library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science at the University of Waterloo for their help. I would also like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyright material in this book: John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1; Eugene Nida and the Linguistic Society of America for the translation process in Chapter 2; John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc. for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2; Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI Malay–English dictionary entry in Chapter 3; Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the building of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4; Tony Jewtushenko and Peter Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4; Enrique de Argaez at Internet World Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6; Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, Springer Science and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6. To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for translating from English into Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for any translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering some of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xv  To Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my ‘sifu’ and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation discussions we had during our coffee–biscuit sessions years ago. If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and understanding due to my ‘country-hopping’ from Southeast Asia to North America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations. ACRoTERMITE AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT DTS EAGLES EARS EDIG Terminology of Telecommunications European Association of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries Association of America Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee Automatic Language Processing System Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language. Translator Japanese to English Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and Defence American Translators Association British American Scientific International, Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne d’Evaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English Central Intelligence Agency Center of International Cooperation for Computerization Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar. Technical English Chinese University Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii. ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer European. Terminology Database Aerospace  and Defence Industries Association of Europe European Translation Infrastructure d’EVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe d’Etude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/Assisted Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International Sample of English Contrastive. Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International Organization for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti Linguistic Data Consortium Localisation Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format xviii List of Abbreviations. MASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC SALT SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University MultiLingual Information Retrieval Machine. Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance Programme Optical Character Recognition Open Lexicon Interchange Format Operating System Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use Patent  Translation Pan-American Health Organization Personal Digital Assistant Portuguese-English Sentence Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup. Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a l’Universite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies: Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio Voice Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xix WebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Ontology World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be developed. This is reflected in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources. The majority of books and articles on translation technology focusing on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of view of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focused on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be useful to professional translators and those interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed. Programming details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are included. Descriptions are given to allow readers to further investigate specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using references cited throughout the book. It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and every one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best; they are simply examples to illustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technology While researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving experimental systems developed or being developed at a number of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will show that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature seems to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems. As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memory system comes in many versions from the most basic to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be found in translator magazines and occasionally also posted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. Again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems. Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes involved in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the impression that they are not related to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology. Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some described in greater detail than others. In some chapters, an abbreviated historical background has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation. However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a later time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of every chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confusing to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools. In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for; in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the perspective of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is therefore to clarify these terminological and related matters. An alternative perspective to the four basic translation types – fully automated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation – first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in relation to topics described in the book. The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the relationship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined. This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories – known as ‘formalisms’ in natural-language processing – especially in the design of machine translation systems. A different perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called ‘controlled language’ is also presented. This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as ‘architectures’. The development of machine translation over several decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems. Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine translation systems because there is every reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are moving towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the integration of machine translation with translation memory. The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so ‘standards for data interchange’ have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently available commercial translation tools are also discussed. In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation: human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe. The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available on the evaluation of computeraided translation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters. The sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech. This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not widely spoken. Another form of technology called the ‘Semantic Web’ that has the potential to improve the performance of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry. The book concludes by presenting an expanded version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is concluded that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no longer able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology. Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book. It is not possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and easily even in this way. This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia. Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Internet sites may not be permanent; at the time of the writing, every effort has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible. 1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ machine translation (MT); machine-aided/assisted human translation (MAHT); human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT); computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT); machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT); fully automatic high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear. For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it ‘machine-aided translation’ (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, ‘computer-aided translation’ is used throughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term ‘aided’ is chosen instead of ‘assisted’, as also in ‘human-aided machine translation’ and ‘machine-aided human translation’. Figure 1. 1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992: 148). This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to sustain as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology. 6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT) MT = machine translation; CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source: Classification of translation types Hutchins and Somers (1992): 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully automatic high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention. At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convinced that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003: 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1. The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear.

Types Of Diabetes Essay -- Health, illnesses

Our modern life is full of illnesses and diseases. Each disorder has its main causes, its effects on our body, and its own treatment. Most of these illnesses have been in our world for a long time. However, our life styles with its inorganic food, stress, and bad habits have assisted these diseases to develop and to spread faster than before. One of these diseases is Diabetes. Diabetes can be defined as a metabolic disease in which the body's inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. It can lead to a lot of other sickness such as heart diseases, high blood pressure, and blindness. Even though most of these illnesses happen after having diabetes for a long time, the change in glucose levels in the body can cause a coma, or even death (American Diabetes Association). There are 25.8 million children, and adults in the United States living with diabetes, which represent 8.3 percent of the population, according to the American Diabetes Ass ociation. Diabetes has many types. However, we can divide them into a number of different categories: Diabetes type 1, Diabetes type 2, Gestational diabetes, and other types of diabetes. These three types have similar symptoms such as frequent urination, losing weight, and vision changes (Judd). However, each type differs from the other by the kind of people it Infects, the factors that cause it, and the way it can be treated. Type 1 is also known as Insulin-dependent Diabetes. It happens when the pancreas releases less amount of insulin than the proper amount, which causes changes the rate of sugars in the blood. The pancreas’ ability of giving insulin keeps on decreasing until it stops. At that point, people who have this type of diabetes can onl... ...ations, and Insulin : Along with Facts about the Most Common Complications of Diabetes and Their Prevention, Current Research in Diabetes Care, Tips for People following a Diabetic Diet ... 5th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2011. Print. Metzger, Boyd E., Donna Kotulak, and Pam Brick. Guide to Living with Diabetes: Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes : Essential Information You and Your Family Need to Know. Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2006. Print. Monterrosa-Castro, A., et al. "Type II Diabetes Mellitus And Menopause: A Multinational Study." Climacteric 16.6 (2013): 663-672. Academic Search Complete. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. Shin Y., Kim, et al. "Fraction Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Attributable To Overweight And Obesity By Race/Ethnicity, California, 2007-2009." American Journal Of Public Health 103.10 (2013): e65-e72. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Nov. 2013

Race and Ethnicity Essay

Throughout the course of this twisted Monopoly, many themes and stereotypes arose to become apparent. However the two main themes that I observed were gender biases and stereotypes involving race and inequality. These two themes became apparent through the traits and personality the players began demonstrating as the game went on. It was obvious that the blue male (which would represent a white male in real life) became greedy and aggressive as he was set up to be successful and of course was. You then see how player three and five become unsuccessful because of how the game is set up. This represents the stereotype of a woman who is considered an inferior. As the game went on these players were very cautious of every decision they made because it was made obvious that each one was indeed very critical to any success they strived to achieve. By the end of the game it was extremely apparent to everyone that certain opportunities were given to certain people in the game. This basically made it impossible for them to lose this game. This theme however then transfers to reality in that the stereo typical white male will usually be given a much better opportunity then say an African American female. The two articles that I chose reflects the two themes of race and gender stereo types and how they correspond with success or opportunities. In the first article, Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just between Strangers, they discuss how there is â€Å"substantial inequalities between genders in the modern workplace and the evidence for stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † They then also discuss how this concept can then be applied to race or age minorities as well. The article also explains the significant difference in that studies show that there are gender differences in career choices, salary, harassment, etc. This directly relates to our theme in our game in that the money and income the blue male (which represented a white male) was much greater than that of the red female (who could represent a female minority). In addition, the article explains how many women â€Å"face significant challenges in career advancement,† and â€Å"Women are more likely to self-select into less prestigious and lower paying careers compared to men (Konrad, 2003). † There were many similarities between this article and our monopoly game in that stereo types and feminization of women occur and are apparent in real life just like our game. It is similar in that just like how the article describes and how it is true in society, women are treated as inferior in our game. Because in society women are stereotyped and made the inferior. Like in the game, in real life a women of a minority will struggle so much more to become successful making every decision critical because of the way they are viewed in society. It is also relative in that this is to be true not only for just women, but for race and other minorities of society as well. In society and in the game, these people are not given as good of opportunities as the superior and it is much more difficult to succeed. There is a direct correlation between what is described in the article and what happened in the game. In conclusion, this article relates to one of the themes of our game in that there is gender inequality in reality and the male is more likely to succeed with a higher income and greater opportunity. Within the second article, Racial Mismatch in the Classroom: Beyond Black-White Differences, demonstrates our theme of race inequality. The main point the article is trying to show is that research shows that when the teacher is of the same race or ethnicity of the student, they receive more positive and helpful instruction than if the student is of a different race or ethnicity of the teacher. The research and analysis was mostly based on black and white subjects however. This article not only can relate to just race, but also class, gender, background, IQ, and other factors like we would see in our game. The second article directly corresponds with our game and our other theme in that people of different race are given different opportunity to succeed in life quite often and are stereotyped as well. We see that a white student with a white teacher would be getting a 1 / 2.better education which then sets them up in that they are more likely to succeed in life than the black student. In our game we see that the player who represents our white male is set up to succeed, while our player who represents a minority is set up to fail. This is similar to our game because certain people would work well together and bargain, while some people were just cast aside or not even given the opportunity to bargain because of the unfortunate circumstances they were under. Both of these articles relate to our game in that they represent the opportunities and stereo types of  not only race and class, but gender as well. These stereotypes are also apparent and can be true in reality also. So we see that the changes made in our monopoly game, and the articles found, directly relate to real life and how society works. Although it may be harsh, it is true and can be proven by not many studies and articles, but our twisted monopoly game as well that certain people (like the white male) are going to succeed much more often than someone like a black female. There are these stereotypes because in reality a majority of people fit into them. They fit into them not in the way people normally believe they do, but because society and the superior have created them. That then changes the opportunities in life and the circumstances in which they are under. Works Cited Nadler, J. T. , & Stockdale, M. S. (2012). Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just Between Strangers. North American Journal Of Psychology, 14(2), 281-291. McGrady, P. B. , & Reynolds, J. R. (2013). Racial Mismatch in the Classroom: Beyond Black- white Differences. Sociology Of Education, 86(1), 3-17. doi:10. 1177/0038040712444857 POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

The Iron Hand of Dramatic Irony Essay - 1571 Words

The Iron Hand of Dramatic Irony Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus is considered by many scholars to be the most significant masterpiece of Greek drama. Through Oedipus Tyrannus, Sophocles is able to develop and establish dramatic irony, a theatrical device that allows the audience to understand the hidden meanings of the words and actions of the characters, though the characters themselves remain oblivious. Therefore, the behavior of the characters become ironic because they are unable to grasp the reality of the truth that is being unraveled before their eyes. Dramatic irony may be described as putting into a speakers (characters) mouth words that have for the audience a meaning not intended by the speaker (Dramatic).†¦show more content†¦When Oedipus engages in a conversation with the chorus, he claims that he is a stranger to the act (line 221) of how the late King Laius died, yet he unknowingly is the one who is guilty of the very act. Dramatic irony is also seen as Oedipus essentially places a curse on himse lf as he call[s] down the most vile damnation- for this vicious act and thus condemns himself to wear the brand of shame. . . forever (lines 237-238). Oedipus fear that the man who has killed Laius might turn his hand against [him] too (line 141) proves to be ironic because Oedipus is unaware that it was his own hand that struck the blow (line 1328). Dramatic irony is again produced as Oedipus announces that he will avenge [Lauis] as [he] would avenge [his] own father (line 248) because Laius is Oedipus own father. The statements that are made by Oedipus, though logical and innocent, demonstrate the dramatic irony that Sophocles employs throughout the play. Sophocles wields dramatic irony so frequently and so skillfully that it became a recognized characteristic of his drama [. . .] in Oedipus Tyrannus, it dominates the play (Bates 19). 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